Genetic switch may lead to HIV cure: Study

Team Udayavani, Dec 7, 2018, 2:45 PM IST

Washington: A genetic switch that causes HIV hidden inside the cells to replicate can be manipulated to completely eradicate the virus from the human body, a study has found.

Cells harbouring latent HIV are “invisible” to the natural defences of the immune system, said researchers from the University of Illinois at Chicago in the US.

During infection, the DNA of HIV makes its way into the host cell’s nucleus and integrates itself into the host genome.

The Tat gene circuit is a key piece of HIV DNA that controls the HIV gene transcription and activation, according to the study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

When activated, it initiates a takeover of the cell’s machinery to churn out new copies of the HIV virus, which eventually burst from the cell and infect neighbouring cells.

HIV-specific immune effector cells kill cells infected with HIV, but only when the cells are being used to produce more of the virus, meaning that the Tat gene circuit is switched on.

In cells that are latently infected, the Tat gene circuit is off, and the cell goes about its normal business all the while harbouring quiescent HIV.

“By targeting the Tat gene circuit with drugs or small molecules to activate it, we would be able to cause latently-infected cells to start producing more virus, and then they can be destroyed by the immune system,” said Jie Liang, a professor at the University of Illinois.

So far, there are no drugs successfully targeting this circuit, researchers said.

People infected with the HIV virus can live relatively normal lives with exceedingly low or even undetectable viral loads thanks to powerful antiretroviral therapies that work to suppress viral replication.

However, even in people where the virus is undetectable, it doesn’t mean it’s completely absent.

The HIV virus can hide in cells in an inactivated state, meaning it isn’t actively replicating.

This is a dire situation and makes life-long antiretroviral therapy the only option for HIV infected patients.

“It is extremely difficult to flush latently-infected cells out of their latency,” Liang said.

Techniques developed to reactivate latent HIV-infected cells so that they become susceptible to the body’s natural immune response or to drug therapies have had mixed results.

This is mostly because the technique, known as “shock and kill,” relies on a class of drugs called HDAC inhibitors that come with severe adverse effects, researchers said.

“We need to better understand the mechanisms that regulate HIV latency so we can identify new opportunities for intervention and develop better drugs that can either lock viral particles in a latent state, or kill latent cells, or both,” Liang said.

The Tat gene circuit has a random probability of being active or inactive, and the switch from inactive to active can happen spontaneously.

“In HIV-infected cells, reactivation of the Tat gene circuit is still a very rare event,” Liang said.

The researchers developed advanced computational algorithms to study the Tat gene circuit under different conditions.

“Using different models and algorithms, we were able to accurately map a ‘probability landscape’ of the cellular reactions that can impact Tat gene circuit reactivation, and our results suggest new ways of targeting latent cells that may lead to the eradication of the HIV virus from a host,” Liang said.

Researchers identified ways to manipulate the Tat gene circuit so that the “shock and kill” technique would be more effective.

They also looked at a “block and lock” strategy, where latent viral particles are locked into latency by permanently blocking activation of the Tat gene circuit.

“Our results suggest that by controlling HIV latency through manipulation of the Tat gene circuit, effective therapeutic strategies can be identified that would one day provide a cure for HIV,” Liang said.