NASA spacecraft touches down on asteroid Bennu, collects rock samples

PTI, Oct 21, 2020, 3:31 PM IST

Image Credit: NASA/ Goddard University of Arizonia

Washington: After a four-year-long journey, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft successfully touched down on the rugged surface of asteroid Bennu on Tuesday, and unfurled its robotic arm to collect a sample of rocks dating back to the birth of our solar system to bring back to Earth, the US space agency said.

The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft briefly touched the near-Earth asteroid to collect dust and pebbles from its surface for delivery to Earth in 2023.

Asteroid Bennu is currently more than 321 million kilometres from the Earth.

It offers scientists a window into the early solar system as it was first taking shape billions of years ago and flinging ingredients that could have helped seed life on Earth, NASA said.

If Tuesday’s sample collection event, known as “Touch-And-Go” (TAG), provided enough of a sample, mission teams will command the spacecraft to begin stowing the precious primordial cargo to begin its journey back to Earth in March 2021.

Otherwise, they will prepare for another attempt in January, according to NASA.

“This amazing first for NASA demonstrates how an incredible team from across the country came together and persevered through incredible challenges to expand the boundaries of knowledge,” said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine.

“Our industry, academic, and international partners have made it possible to hold a piece of the most ancient solar system in our hands,” Bridenstine said in a statement.

OSIRIS-REx fired its thrusters to nudge itself out of orbit around Bennu, extending the shoulder, then elbow, followed by the wrist of its 3.35-metre sampling arm, known as the Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM).

The spacecraft then transited across the asteroid while descending about 805 metres towards the surface.

After a four-hour descent, at an altitude of approximately 125 metres, the spacecraft executed the “Checkpoint” burn, the first of two manoeuvres to allow it to precisely target the sample collection site, known as “Nightingale.”

Ten minutes later, the spacecraft fired its thrusters for the second “Matchpoint” burn to slow its descent and match the asteroid”s rotation at the time of contact.

It then continued a treacherous, 11-minute coast past a boulder the size of a two-story building, nicknamed “Mount Doom,” to touch down in a clear spot in a crater on Bennu’s northern hemisphere.

The size of a small parking lot, the Nightingale site is one of the few relatively clear spots on this unexpectedly boulder-covered space rock.

“This was an incredible feat — and today we have advanced both science and engineering and our prospects for future missions to study these mysterious ancient storytellers of the solar system,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate at the agency’s headquarters here.

“A piece of primordial rock that has witnessed our solar system’s entire history may now be ready to come home for generations of scientific discovery, and we can’t wait to see what comes next,” Zurbuchen said.

NASA said all spacecraft telemetry data indicates the TAG event executed as expected, adding, however, it will take about a week for the OSIRIS-REx team to confirm how much sample the spacecraft collected.

The spacecraft carried out TAG autonomously, with pre-programmed instructions from engineers on Earth.

“Today’s TAG maneuver was historic,” said Lori Glaze, Planetary Science Division director at NASA Headquarters.

“The fact that we safely and successfully touched the surface of Bennu, in addition to all the other milestones this mission has already achieved, is a testament to the living spirit of exploration that continues to uncover the secrets of the solar system,” said Glaze.

The OSIRIS-REx team will begin to assess whether the spacecraft grabbed any material, and, if so, how much.

The goal is at least 60 grammes, which is roughly equivalent to a full-size candy bar, NASA said.

OSIRIS-REx launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, US on September 8, 2016

It arrived at Bennu on December 3, 2018 and started orbiting it in the same month.

The spacecraft is scheduled to return to Earth on September 24, 2023, when it will parachute the Sample Return Capsule (SRC) into Utah”s west desert where scientists will be waiting to collect it.